Corporal Punishment in the Home and Spanking Varies

rattling im tuckerd on a peasant can hand over a harmful or helpful make on a childs upbringing ABSTRACT Spanking a child is unriv each(prenominal)ed of the to the highest degree controversial and talked close to disciplinary order in to twenty-four hourss society. Rules and laws form changed to govern the way we discipline our children in our homes, trails and public places. Research has sh proclaim a mild correlation among dashing and massive term tangible, mental, emotional and sexual ab intake on a child, while different research discloses no long term effect on a child except to say that at that place should be a noticeable distinction betwixt ab make use of and rattling(a).Statistics receive plantn that much(prenominal) p arents cogitate in jovial child when deemed necessary, while separates believe that tremendous can be seen as a form of child abuse and that there should be other haughty resources other than pounding. A more in depth perspicac ity of the effect of festive depends upon social views of refreshful, cultural norms, sexual dangers, the racial color line, affects in early and later demeanor, behavioural problem, the different carri ripens of fantastic as soundly as the circumstances behind a nippy.This research opus will lelucidate these views and issues as well as the status of current research, the methodology limitations and the belief of teaching a positive alternative discipline technique to get ups. Ac sleep withledgements There are many people that I would like to fuck in my overall achievement of my degree. 1st I would like to GOD for giving me the strength to continue universe a full date single erect, a full clock working person and a full time student. I would like to acknowledge my set out he was the brains behind well-nigh of my projects as well as the push to succeed.My children, who I endured most of the torment in my life for and last however not least, my future husband Quenti n that have always given me the strength to take on the world. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT iii Chapter I Introduction 6 Statement of the Problem. 6 Assumption of the Study. . 6 Definition of Terms. 7 Methodology 7 Chapter II literature Review.. Chapter III Methodology.. 21 Subject Selection and description. 21 Instrumentation . .. 22 data Collection Procedures. . 22 Data compendium. 23 Limitations.. 23 Chapter IV Results.. 25 Chapter V Discussion 27 Limitations27 Conclusions. .. 8 Recommendations. 29 References.. 30 Appendix A Pagination. 33 Appendix B How to Thrive in Graduate give lessons.. 34 Appendix C How to survive the Research Paper Experience 35 Chapter 1 Introduction Statement of the Problem While many of us were spanked as a child, our definition of frosty varies among each individual. What was done in one home base could have been different in the next household further the message came across the same.There have been many debates over spanking, some feel tha t it is hunky-dory to spank a child, some who feel that a child should never be spanked and finally there are those who feel that a child should unaccompanied be spanked for a particular reason. Some people feel that spanking can have a long term effect and those who feel that spanking will have no effect at all. Purpose of the Problem The purpose of this problem is public awareness. many an(prenominal) people do not know what spanking does to a childs physical, mental, emotional or sexual introduce.I would as well as like to learn what the experts say ab by and if it will have a long term effect on my children. Assumption of the Study There are many assumptions close spanking that are published and unpublished. It is assumed that spanking will cause long term mental and sexual effectuate on a child. It is as well as assumed that spanking cause no effect on a child at all. Some experts can challenge that there is a fine line amid spanking and beatings. It is my assumption t hat spanking could and could not do short and long term on a child, depending on the type of spanking as well as the time limit for each spanking.Definition of Terms Spanking To discipline a child utilizing a belt, paddle for the purpose improvement. Time forbidden To place a child in a certain spot (i. e a corner) for a specific amount of time as a disciplinary method. Limitation of the Study The limitation of this study is determines by those that spank, as well as the potential harm from this spanking. Methodology Two studies were conducted for this paper. The first is a study I conducted through collages and family members to determine if their spanking will pose harm to their children. This method was conducted using the Likert Scale.The second study was conducted by Dr. Slade and Dr. Wissow to determine if ex be given / ethnicity was a factor in spanking children and behavioral problems. Chapter II Literature Review Spanking has a long history since the beginning of time. It was noted that in Ancient Greece, it was customary for childless women to visit the tabernacle of Juno in Athens, to be cured of sterility by the priests of an. The women had to lie face down on the temple floor, and be whipped with a lash made of goats hide (our world). The Romans as well told a story where naked men danced in the streets beating every woman they came across.The daughter was placed across the knees of the sponsor, and then the girls bottom was destituted and strapped to the accompaniment of clashing cymbals. This spanking is alleged to last until the 16th century when the wife of the heir to the throne of France was childless. It was decided that a spanking would be administered daily to the princess. After a long period, she gave birth (our world). Spanking in the spiritual realm were a factor. The church counterbalance defined different types of whipping superior whippings on the back, while low referred to the naked thattock.Priests use whipping as a me ans of expiating sins. It was common for women, after confession, to retire to a priests room and have her air out bottom birched while resting on a specially designed kneeler (our world). Proverbs of the bible quotes different versus pertaining to spanking a child. Proverbs 1324 says he who spares the rod hates his son, still he who loves him is careful to discipline him (NIV). Proverbs 2313 says withhold not correction from the child for if thou beatest him with the rod, he shall not die (NIV).Proverbs 2314 says Thou shalt beat him with the rod, and shalt deliver his soul from hell (NIV). These verses of the bible are what most people use as an excuse when they decide to discipline their children. pontiff Adrian, the first was the one that finally put an end to spanking in the church. Catherine de Medici was famous for her lust in see in women bare bottom whipped. She personally spanked them on the besidestock with the palm of her hand, with great blows and fairly rough handl ing (our world). Spanking was not only a Europe event. In the United Stated, it was astray accepted for call downs to spank their children.Dorothy Spencer published her Spencer Spanking Plan. In this plan she said that it was meant to terminus in marital bliss. It clearly defined when a man could spank his wife, and when a woman could whip her husband (our world). Eventually spanking became associated with erotic fantasy. Parenting across the globe has changed from category to year. Spanking varies depending on the different parenting style 1) The Martyr. This parenting style by and too large gives the child what they want. They often try to please the child to make the child fill fulfilled.With this type of parenting style, children are less likely to receive a spanking. 2) The pal parenting style is often displayed as the parent universe a friend instead of an authoritative role in the childs life. The children generally do what they want with little intervention from the p arent. With this type of parenting style, there is little incident of a child receiving a spanking. 3) The Police officer of drill sergeant style of parenting is usually punitive or authoritative. This parenting style generally punishes for small offenses thus making spanking very likely. ) The teacher parenting style is pleased when the child asks for advice or impressions. With this parenting style there is a slight chance of spanking. 5) The booster or the promoter is a parenting style where the parents are proud of their children accomplishments. This style of parents shows emotions when the children do not live up to their expectations. There is a chance for spanking in this parenting style due to the high expectations of the parents. 6) The snoop is a parenting style by parents that are generally hard on their children. They have a lack of trust for their children.They tiltening to phone conversations, follow them, search their bedrooms and use up private detectives. This parent will likely spank their children if the child gets caught in a lie. The types of spanking administered to a child can determine what type of effects positive or negative a child will sustain early and later in life. I can remember a time when my mother use to spank my sister and I with what ever she had handy. Different types can vary from hands, belts, strap, switches, paddles whips or some household items such as a shoe, brush or slipper.There are three different models associated with spanking 1) Domestic model is the type of spanking that is usually administered by parent or guardian. 2) Judicial model is the type of spanking that is administered authorities figure such as a prison guard. This type of spanking is also common in boot camps and juvenile facilities. 3) Educational model is spanking that is administered in inculcates. Although many parents do not grant permission for their child to be spanked in school, there are 23 schools in the United States that still o ffer sensible penalisation.Spanking a child is done 90% of the time in one of two positions. The child is either laid across the knee of the parent or the child is made to stand in one position and is administered the licks. other ways to administer a spanking to a child is called the diaper position. The child is laid on a flat surface and held legs up, by the ankles, and crap with an open hand upon the bare bottom (Wikpedia, 2007). Another position of spanking would be the child bent over a piece of furniture and spot their toes (Wikipedia, 2007).Spanking is also given over a diaper (usually merely to emphasize humiliation, scarcely not to cause pin), over clothing, over undergarments, or upon the bare buttocks depending on the amount of pain or humiliation intended the latter is greater affixd by witnesses, such as the household, the class, or even a school assembly (Wikipedia, 2007). There is greater responsibility when disciplining a child. Many parents feel that it is n ecessary to spank a child for the childs well cosmos, others feel that because they were spanked as a child, they will spank their children.There are many things that contract to be done to frame a relationship with your child some include teaching a child to listen and building a bond between parent and child. If a spanking is in order there are a number of things that have to be considered (1) the number of swats to give a child and (2) how hard the swats need to be. There are advocated that are for and against spanking. The advocates for spanking feel that spanking is up to the parent stating that parents have the right to raise their children in the way they consider most appropriate.They also hold there is little evidence that moderate spanking is harmful. Many believe that discipline problems among children have recently increased, and partially attribute the increase to the decline of both parental authority and the use of spanking (Wikipedia, 2007). Other people feel that spanking causes no long term harm or damage. It has been argued that when parents and children are engaged in a prolonged struggle for authority, the anger, bitterness that result can cause emotional estrangement that far outweighs any potential negative effects from moderate spanking, while a sound spanking would clear the air.Some advocates for spanking comes from a behaviorist point of view, and argue that as spanking is a form of operant conditioning, the child associates certain behavior with the physical pain and/or humiliation caused by spanking. Since a childs learning process may be less complex than that of an adult, they claim that children are more likely to be influence by such a conditioning (Wikipedia, 2007). Advocates against spanking such as the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP, 1998) recommend that parents be encourage and assisted in the get downment of methods other than spanking for managing undesired behavior (AAP, 1998).They goes further to say that the more children are spanked, the more anger they report as adults, the more likely they are to spank their own children, the more likely they are to approve of fool awayting a spouse, and the more marital conflict they experience as adults (AAP, 1998). The Natural churl Project list several reasons not to spank a child (1) Hitting your child teaches then to become hitters. (2) The child is simply responding in the only way he can. (3) Punishments distract the child from learning how to resolve conflicts. (4) release the Rod and Spoil the child 5) Punishment interferes with bond between parent and child. (6) Punishment can increase to more frequent and dangerous actions against the child. (7) Anger and frustration becomes stored (8) Physical punishment gives unfair message. (9) Physical punishment gives message that hitting is an appropriate way to designate feelings (Hunt, 1997) Some negative effects of spanking is some children will have anxiety disorders, drug and alcohol pro blems, antisocial behavior and depression were more overriding among adults who had been spanked as children.Other problems are that it is easy for a parent to lose patience light swats can escalate after repeated failures at curtailing irrelevant behavior (Blaker). Some positive effects include stirring the children in the right directions, making a child know right from wrong, kids will insure once they get older that they parents really care about their well being and the direction of their lives as a result of the spanking, and most of all spanking is a form of direct discipline. When to spank and the circumstances surroundings spanking is most-valuable knowledge.It is okay to spank a child when the child lies, steals, is disrespectful or disobedient or simply when the parent gets upset because they cannot take it anymore. A recent MSNBC article outlined some of the readers comments on their opinion about spanking. Rhonda feels that it all depends on your child. You have to match the discipline to the child. Spanking should be used as a last resort when nothing else whole caboodle (MSNBC, 2007). Although Rhonda feels that spanking should be used as a last resort, Sherry from Charlotte, North Carolina says that spanking is a personal decision to be made by the parent (MSNBC, 2007).While Chris from Omaha, Nebraska feels that not hitting, not slapping but spanking works. Spanking is a controlled form of discipline, not an emotional outburst, or reaction to being gaga this is called hitting. There is a huge difference between spanking and hitting and those who use spanking as an utile disciplinary measure will have no problem defending the practice (MSNBC, 2007). I agree with Chris, spanking should not be done out of anger but as a mean of punishment to teach the child a lesson, or prevent the child from repeating the current situation.Bryan from Lake Worth Florida believes that it is a parental question that should be left up to the parent. They are t he responsible ones, after all (MSNBC, 2007). Bryan has a good point parents should be the ones that dictate when and how a child gets a spanked. Parents have been given the smaller end of the stick when it comes to their children. Finally Greg from Alabama feels that Spanking is the only effective method of child discipline. There is a difference between hitting and spanking, yet most experts think they are the same. Spanking is biblical and ordered by GOD.If God says it is OK we should listening (MSNBC, 2007). While Greg believes that spanking may be the only effective discipline, it also depends on the child and how spanking effects them. Cultural norms can play a big role when it comes to spanking. In the United States many people view spanking as a form of discipline, while some view it as an abusive model that may very well turn that child into an aggressive individual. Researchers from Duke University and other University around the world, conducted research to determine if c ulture plays a role in how parents spank their children.Of their results they came to the shutdown that mothers in Thailand were least likely to physically discipline their children, followed by mothers in China, the Philippines, Italy, India, and Kenya, with mothers in Kenya most likely to physically discipline their children (Science Daily, 2005). They also found that more frequent use of physical discipline was less strongly associated with child aggression and anxiety when it was perceived as being more culturally accepted, but physical discipline was also associated with more aggression and discipline regardless of the perception of cultural acceptance (Science Daily, 2005).Jessica Lansford, Ph. D. , a research scientist at the Center for Child and Family Policy at Duke University also says a particular parenting practice may become a problem only if parents use it in a cultural circumstance that does not support the practice (for example, if they migrate from one country to another)(Science Daily, 2005). Other negative effects of spanking are that it can create an affiliation between pain and sexual pleasure. The buttock can be a childs sexual sense of the human anatomy. Spanking also trespasses on one of the bodys most private and sexual areas the buttock (Johnson, 2002).The sexual temperament of the buttock is explained not only by their proximity to the genitals, but also by their high concentration of nerve endings which leads directly to sexual nerve centers. Hence, the buttocks are a major focus of sexual signals (Johnson, 2002). They also go to say spanking can interfere with a childs normal sexual and psychological development. Slapping them can trigger powerful and spontaneous sensations of sexual pleasures and a child who buttock are spanked may experience deep and lasting sexual shame (Johnson, 2002).There are a large majority of experts that believe that children should not be spanked especially girls. According to Jordan Riak, a retire d school teacher and the executive director of Parents and teachers against Violence in Education, when a girl is spanked by her father or paddled by a male school teacher, she is being trained to submit. Risk also go to say when a school district permits teachers to paddle girls it is setting those girls up to be victims of future male authority figures, whether it be a boyfriend, husband or employer.Many of the experts associate spanking with sexual desires. Race and gender have a very big influence on spanking children. Does it make a difference who the child receives a spanking from? It is noted in the making of the slave that a woman spanking a boy teaches the boy to become submissive. She would have a particular(a) protective tendency toward her independent male offspring and would raise male offspring to be dependant like her. Nature had provided for this type of balance. We reverse nature by bullwhipping to the point of death.By her being left alone, unprotected, with the m ale image destroyed, the ordeal caused her to move from her psychologically dependant state to a frozen, independent state (Lynch, 2005). In this independent state, she will raise her male and female offspring in reversed roles. She will train him to be mentally weak and dependant, but physically strong (Lynch, 2005). Because of this portentous children and male children are much more likely to be hit at home and school and spanking of boys tend to be more severe, more frequent and more aggressive than girls.Ironically, the research shows that while corporal punishment is counterproductive for all children, it is even more counterproductive for boys than girls (Wikipedia, 2007). Spanking is more common among low income parents, in the South, for boys, and by mothers, especially white mothers (those under age 33). Overall, older parents are less likely to use corporal punishment than younger parents (Day et al. , 1998 Straus and Stewart Walsh, 2002). Parents that choose to spank the ir children have to know how young a child should be when they first start receiving spankings.A written report was conducted and it indicated that 94 percent of Americans spank their children by the time they are 3 or 4. About 36 percent of parents discipline their infants by slapping their hands or leg, spanking their buttock, pinching, shaking, hitting on the buttock with a belt or paddle, or slapping the infants face. More than half of the parents hit their children hit at age 12, a third at age 14, and 13 percent at age 17. Hitting a child with a belt or paddle is most common for children aged 5 to 12. (Straus and Stewart, 1998). There are many factitious beliefs when it comes to spanking.Some of the fact and fictions are (1) Spanking is an effects way to manage behavior. Spanking is not a way to stop a child from misbehaving. It will only make a child misbehave more and can develop many problem because of the spanking. (2) I got hit when I was a kid and I turned out okay Beca use some people who were spanked turned out to live good and health lives, not all are so lucky. (3) If we dont spank our children, they will grow up to be rotten. A child being rotten does not come from a lack of spanking. There are many children who grow up rotten while being spanked. 4) The bible says Spare the Rod and Spoil the child and I must obey God. The bible also says that children should honor thy mother and thy father, which could the reason that they are so many delinquent children and serial killers. The bible is used as a support tool for the dos and the donts when it comes to disciplining children. A similar method could upright as well been used to middlingify slavery, suppression of women, polygamy, incest and infanticide. Basically to use the bible to spank is just an excuse (Block, 2007). Spanking imposed on a child early in life can have tremendous effect on a childs psychological state.The National longitudinal be of young Mother-Child Sample conducted a stu dy on 1,966 children younger than two. The results of this study confirmed that behavioral problems do not affect children until after the age of 4 in certain races. White non Hispanic families have the higher number of behavior problem associated with affects of mental, physical and behavioral problems as a result of spanking. Experts feel that spanking is no more effective than any other discipline. They feel that spanking is a short-term solution. Murray A.Straus, a professor of Sociology at the University of parvenu Hampshire and co-director of thats school Family Research Laboratory says it is no more effective than many other forms of discipline such as time outs, that work just as well in the short run and have no negative long term effects (Straus). Diana Baumrind, a research psychologist at the University of atomic number 20 feels that spanking is no more or less harmful than a mild scolding, timeout or other developmentally appropriate level and kind of punishment (MSNBC ). The American Academy of Pediatrics is against spanking children.They feel that spanking children has potential side effects. Paul Frick, a researcher at Fisk University in New siege of Orleans says that spanking and hitting can lead to later emotional and behavioral problems. Even children who are only smacked occasionally are more likely to show signs of depression or lower self esteem (MSNBC). My personal view of spanking is that it should be administered only when warranted. Children should not be spanked when a parent had reached a boiling limit. I believe that if children are not spanked they have a higher chance of developing disrespectful tendencies.Spanking not only stays a childs attitude but it makes them more respectful to adults and authority. Society places labeled on children that misbehave and often blames the parents, but at the same time parents that spank their children are often ridiculed by their peers and society. I believe that other alternative methods sh ould be tried before a spanking is given but if the other means do not work, then spank the child. Because spanking is one of the renowned topics discussed annually, Interviews as well as surveys are also conducted annually.ABCNEWS conducted a poll on if most Americans approved spanking they found that by a public result by a 2-1 margin, many people approve spanking. In their study they found that 65 percent of Americans approved spanking, they also found that 50 percent of parents spanked their children while 45 percent do not (ABCNEWS). ABC says that there is a regional difference among southerners and the rest of the country. 73 percent of southerners approved of spanking children compared to the 60 percent elsewhere. This ABCNEWS poll was conducted by holler Oct 25-29 in a random sample of about 1015 adults.The use of interviews makes a big difference in gaining public opinion and expert opinion. I conducted a survey of about 16 people on Feb 16 to get public (co workers, frien ds and family) opinion on if they believe that spanking harms or helps a child. These subjects were selected by race, age, marriage status, children or no children. 100 percent of the subjects believed that children should be spanked when appropriate or to teach a lesson, they also feel that it is appropriate to use belts and a verbal warning should be given before rendering a spanking. 0 percent of the respondents believed that child delinquents were spanked as a child while the other 50 percent believe that they were not. 100 percent of these subjects were spanked as a child and believes that if a child is spanked they will not grow up aggressive, hit others, feel humiliated or become angry. There were no considerable differences in those who feel spanking will have a harmful long term effect. Those opposed to spanking children believes that there are other methods for discipline children. Preventing or discouraging bad behavior is also more effective than tough the child.Prevent ing measures include avoiding situations that may cause trouble, distracting the child with positive activities, ignoring minor transgressions that have few consequences and rewarding good behavior. Placing children in time out is the most effective way to manage disruptive behavior once it has occurred. Parents should consistent and fair in their interactions with children and should invest time in i. e. , special time each day devoted to the relationship. (Walling). The future of spanking is determined by those that utilize it. Many people believe that spanking will some day be banned.Many lawmakers have introduced bill that may potential change the way we spank our children. California Democratic assembly woman Sally Lieber introduced a bill that would turn this behavior with children under 4. If the bill becomes law, that parent in the parking lot could be charged with a misdemeanor punishable by a year in jail or a fine of up to $1,000 (MSNBC). Until we as Americans are forced to give up the practice of spanking, spanking will take a breather one of the most controversial and researched topic. Chapter III Methodology While many of us were spanked as a child, we continue to spank our children for the reasons we see fit.Spanking children could pose some behavioral problems for some while no problems at all for others. There have been many debates over spanking this chapter will address the studies conducted to ascertain if spanking poses any threat to children. It is determined that at least 94% of children have been spanked in the last year. A National Survey administered by the state Fund found that 11% of parents reported spanking their child 6 to 11 months of age, 36% reported spanking a child 12 to 17 months and 59% reported spanking a child 18 to 23 months of age (Slade and Wissow, 2003).Drs Slade and Wissow conducted research by race to determine if spanking associates itself with behavioral problems in children under 4. Subject Selection and Des cription Using information from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Mother-Child (NLSY-MC), participants were selected using multistage stratified samples of dwellings, and group quarters. In the beginning, there were about 75,000 dwellings, over sampling African and Hispanic Americans and disadvantaged white. This selection focused on children under 21 in the home environs and child development.Starting in 1986 and continuing every two years thereafter, the NLSY-MC had 4845 children, 2879 were excluded for because of follow up interviews or had not yet attended preschool or easy school. Other exclusion included missing values of child behavior and the use of spanking (Slade and Wissow, 2003). Of the exclusions of the study, 28. 2% vs. 23. 0 P 119, which stated that 10% children in this range have more frequent and more severe behavior problems than the other 90% of children in the United States (Slade and Wissow, 2003). Data Collection ProceduresThe data stack away for the procedure were used using a likelihood ratio statistics to test the null hypothesis that probit model coefficient estimates were the same for the three ethnics / sub samples. Rejections of this hypothesis were used to determine if separate analyses by race/ethnic worked better for the data. The number of spankings was entered into the probit models as a quadratic term by spanking frequency and whole of spanking frequency. Past research showed that the relationship between spanking and behavioral problems is nonlinear, with larger marginal effects observed at greater spanking frequencies. Slade and Wissow, 2003) Data Analysis During this study, models were used for each variable using full sample and 3 sub samples (white, African Americans and Hispanic Americans). The purpose of separating the samples was for the association of race and physical discipline of child behavior problems. The change in children who exhibited the outcome of change represented the estimated effect of a 1- unit increase in value of children who had BPI of 119 or those that displayed behavioral problems in school.For the dichotomous variable, the marginal effect change in value from 0 to 1 of children with those outcomes (Slade and Wissow, 2003). Some measures could have been correlated the samples included 1 child per mother. Out of the 1540 samples used, 75% of mothers had one child, 21% of mothers had two children, 2% had three children and . 4% of mothers had four children used in this study. Limitations Dr. Slade and Dr. Wissow encountered several limitations white conducting this study.First, the father of the children and other adults were not conducted, so there is not way of determining if the spankings were administered by the mother, father, or both. Second, they found that the limitation of this data to be influenced because of the magnitude associated between spanking and behavioral problems. Third, there is no available information available on other forms of punishments used on these children. They believe that other forms of punishments may also lead to other behavioral problems. Other rating behavioral problems by mothers but were not confirmed by an independent observation.Fourth, fewer than half of the obtained samples were in the Hispanic Americans and African Americans sub samples that limited associations of spanking and behavior problems which apply only to 8% to 13% of the overall sample. Fifth, many children from the National Longitudinal Survey of Young Mother-Child Sample (NLSY-MC) were excluded from this study because of missing information representing 59% of eligible children. Many of the participants did not attend follow up interviews which makes the samples more bias toward African American and Hispanic Americans. These biases might have reduced the magnitude of the association of spanking frequency and behavioral problems are likely to have been relatively more common among low-income whites whose children were excluded from this sample (Slade and Wissow, 2003). Chapter IV Results The results of the study show differences (p . 05) among the three sub samples. They indicate that the white non Hispanic respondents were from a higher socioeconomic background than those of the black and Hispanic backgrounds. Income factors were higher for White families ($46,400), followed by Hispanic families ($35,200) and Africa American families ($26,300).Comparing all three groups white mothers were more likely to be married (87. 8 % vs. 45. 5% and 75. 0%). They were more likely to have completed at least 12 years of schooling (46. 7% vs. 38. 2% and 31. 7%), were older, and were more likely to read to their children (68. 2% vs. 39. 1% and 40. 1%). African American mothers compared to white mothers, white mothers were spanked their children less often than black mothers, they were more likely to display positive interaction with their children, they were less likely to have parent-teacher meeting about child behavior, and t hey were less likely to have BPI scores of 119.African American mothers compared to Hispanic mothers, Hispanic mothers were more likely to be married (75. 0% vs. 45. 5%), and they were less likely to spank their children (2. 7 times vs. 4. 0 times) (Slade and Wissow, 2003). Associations of spanking and behavior problems were positive and significant with children that required parent-teachers conferences (x2 = 9. 807, P = . 007) and with the children that have BPI scores of 119 (x2 = 8. 901, P = . 012). This association differs among the three races. The white families showed that there is an significant and positive correlation with behavior problems and spanking (x2 = 17. 68, P . 001), African American families being slightly positive and found not to be statistically significant (x2 . 666, P = . 717), Hispanic families was negative and found not to be statistically significant (x2 = . 010, P = . 995). These results show that African American children and Hispanic children were more likely to have behavioral problems when they were not spanked. White children who were spanked more frequently also displayed higher behavioral problems than those of Hispanic and African American children (Slade and Wissow, 2003). Chapter V Discussion / FindingsSeveral important factors emerged from this paper as well as the different studies conducted for research on this topic. Overall, most parents not only reported using spanking as a means of controlling their childs behavior but believes that spanking could pose no long term harm to their child as a result of spanking. In my study that I explored the association of spanking children to long term mental, physical, and sexual behaviors. I found that most of the respondents agree that they have spanked their children when warranted, they also believes that spanking their children was a way to control future behavioral problems.In the study conducted by Dr. Slade and Dr. Wissow, they explored the associations of spanking fre quency before age 2 with children jeopardize of developing behavioral problems. Among the children in their study, there were substantial predictors for the children developing behavioral problems especially at schools. They addressed several possibilities that may be associated with the differences among the racial groups. They believe that spanking is greatly accepted among the African American group which means that they view spanking as less harsh and fair.In White families, where spanking is not used too often, children before the age of 2 could lead to other developmental problem for the child and problems for the parents. African Americans children were found in all studies to pose a higher risk for behavioral problems. Limitations As stated before there were several limitations encountered while conducting research on this paper. The only limitations that I encountered with my study were how often a child should be spanked, what a child should be spanked with and the differ ence between a spanking and a beating.The way I was spanked as a child, I would never spank my children that way. My mother basically used anything close to her hands to hit or throw. I got spanked with extension cords, ling sticks, hands, pans, clothes, tree branches and shoes. These limitations did not have an impact on this paper and the research that was conducted. It gave me a better insight as to other people opinion and what others judgment about effective disciplinary actions that should be imposed on a child. The limitations of the study conducted by Dr. Slade and Dr.Wissow was the (1) not knowing the adults that spanked the child, (2) a magnitude of behavioral problems an spankings, (3) no available information on the forms of punishments used, (4) the overall samples used for research were limited and (5) 59% of the participants were excluded from the study. Conclusions The findings of this research are simple. Effective discipline works for different individual. If a child is spanked they will grow up no less rotten or worse than a child who was not. A child can be spanked for different reasons using different methods. Spanking of long term effects draws a line of spanking and beatings.For us that were spanked as a child, we felt that we grew up without any problems. Some people feel that spanking does physical, emotional, mental and sexual harm to the child that is being spanked. The way a child grows up and the life they lead is not determined by the numbers of spanking that child receives. There is no knowledge or proven fact that spanking harms or helps a child, there is only personal and expert opinion. Recommendations As I conducted research on this topic, I thought of several recommendations that could be done to curb not only public opinion but the right for parents to spank their children the way they see fit.The public opinion could be one of the harshest opinions that a parent has to encounter. There is a fine line between beating and spankings it is the public responsibility for self awareness. It is up to the public to research and acquire information about spankings before passing judgment. Parents need to know the potential associated risks for spanking children, as well as the upsides and downsides of spanking children. Parents need to also try other alternative methods before imposing a spanking on a child. References A Short History of Spanking. (2007). Retrieved June 15, 2007, from httpourworld. compuserve. om/homepages/moonglowDC/Letters/History. htm American Academy of Pediatrics. (1998). Guidance for Effective Discipline. Pediatrics, vol. 101. n4pp723-728. Bradley , RH, Corwyn RF, McAdoo, HP and Coll CG (2001). The home environment of children in the United States part 1 variation by age, ethnicity, and poverty status. Child Dev,721844-1867 Baumrind, D. (1996). A blanket injunction against disciplinary use of spanking is not warranted by the data. (The Short and long -Term Consequences of Corporal Pu nishment Proceeding of a conference, February 9 and 10, 1996 in red deer Grove Village, Illinois). electronic version Pediatrics, v98. n4pp828(4). Benokraitis, N. education Children Prospect and Pitfalls. Marriages and Families. Changes, Choices and Constraints. New Jersey Pearson Prentice Hall. 2005. 5th ed. Blaker, K. Spare the Rod, Spoil the child? The Negative Effects of Spankingand Some Healthy Alternatives. Mothering. Retrieved June 12, 2007, from http/www. mothering. com/articles/growing_child/discipline/spare_the_rod. hypertext mark-up language Block, N. (2000). Abandon the Rod and Save the Child electronic version. The Humanist, 60. 2 p5. Block, N. (2007). Discipline at Home (EPOCH USA).Spanking Fact and Fiction. Retrieved June 13, 2007 from http//www. stophitting. com/disathome/factAndFiction. php Campbell, S. (2002). Spare the rod to spare the child? Corporal Punishment remains popular in America, despite associated risks. (Parenting). (Brief Article) electronic vers ion. Psychology Today, 35. 5p26(1) Clayton, V. (2007). Discipline debate Spanking gets a timeout. Proposed Calif. Law reignites battle over vanquish way to deal with unruly tots. Retrieved June 12, 2007, from http//www. msnbc. msn. com/id/16929303/print/1/displaymode/1098 Colvard, K. (1996). Spanking and triage. The Short and long -Term Consequences of Corporal Punishment Proceeding of a conference, February 9 and 10, 1996 in Elk Grove Village, Illinois). electronic version Pediatrics, v98. n4pp807(2). Corporal Punishment takes research hit. (Behavior). (Brief Article). (2002). Science News. 162. 5p77(1). Huffman, B. (1995). Use of spanking as discipline by mothers of young children. (includes editors note) (adapted from Pediatrics) (Tips from other journals). electronic version. American Family Physician. V51. n6pp1586(2). Hunt, J. (1997). Ten Reasons Not to Hit Your Kids. Retrieved June 13, 2007 from http//www. aturalchild. org/jan_hunt/tenreasons. html Johnson, T. (2002). The S exual Dangers of Spanking Children. Retrieved June 13, 2007, from http//www. nospank. net/sexdngrs. htm Kirchner, J. (1998). Childhood spanking and increased antisocial behavior. (Tips from other Journals). American Family Physician. V57. n4pp798(1). Lemonick, M. (1997). Spare the Rod? Maybe. (how spanking affects children later in life). electronic version. Time. V15. n8pp65(1). Lynch, W. (2005). Willie Lynch letter Making of a Slave. Retrieved June12,2007 from http//www. finalcall. com/artman/publish/printer_2167. shtml Rice, M. (2001).Experts Spanking Harms Children, Especially Girls. Womens E News. Retrieved June 12, 2007 from http//www. womensenews. org/article. cfm/dyn/aid/662/context/archieve Slade, EP. , and Wissow, LS. (2004). Spanking in early Childhood and Later Behavior Problem A Prospective Study of Infants and Young Toddlers. Pediatrics. Vol. 113. n5 Spanking Leads To Child Aggression And Anxiety, irrespective Of Cultural Norm (2005). Science Daily. Retrieved June 12,2 007, from http//www. sciencedaily. com/releases/2005/11/051114110820. htm Spare the Rod. New International Version Bible Retrieved June 13, 2007 from http//www. bible. comSpurgeon, D. (1999). Study leads to a call for an end to spanking. The Western Journal of Medicine. P381 Straus, M. (1996). Spanking and the making of a violent society. (The Short and long -Term Consequences of Corporal Punishment Proceeding of a conference, February 9 and 10, 1996 in Elk Grove Village, Illinois). electronic version Pediatrics, v98. n4pp837(6). Straus, M. (1998). The Behavorial Mearsurement Letter. behavioural Mearsurement Database Service, v5. n2pp3. To Spank or Not? Readers talk back. Many parents stand up to experts and support a smack on the bottom. (2007). Retrieved from http//www. msnbc. msn. om/id/17010115/print/1/displaymode/1098/ Walling, A. D. (2000). Discipling Children Without Spanking. American Family Physician. 62. 10 p2344. Wellbery C. (2005). Effects of spanking in early childhood . (Tips). electronic version. American Family Physician. 71. 6p1188. Appendix A Pagination Appendix B How to Thrive in Graduate School There are several things that could be done to thrive in graduate school. The first is dedication. If you are not dedicated to school, there is no chance that success will happen. The second are goals. In order to accomplish the task of completing graduate school, goals must be set and completed.Graduate school takes determination. If success is not determined by those that strive to succeed, there is no chance of completing graduate school. Time is another important factor in completing graduate school. A person must know how to manage their time for school and personal issues. In order to survive graduate school, a person must want it. Appendix C How to survive the Research Paper Experience Since I have survived several research paper experiences, this being the hardest, I believe that in order to survive this experience take a lot of time and disc ipline.I found it to be difficult with finding the best material for the paper. Some of the materials were 30 or more pages, which must be read through to get accurate information. Researched papers are small and defined with information that could possible have future use. There must be a dedication to ensure that the paper is completed and turned in on time and a second pair of eyes on the paper to ensure no mistakes are made. Surviving a research paper is somewhat frustrating especially if time does not permit but once the paper is completed there is a sense of fulfillment. 2 4 13