The Humour in Educating Rita Essay -- Educating Rita Willy Russell Ess

The Humour in Educating RitaEducating Rita is a humorous play that was written by Willy Russellin 1979, based on his own life. It is set in Liverpool and depicts theperseverance of a working class, 26-year-old hairdresser with noqualifications called Susan, or as she is called through bulge the play,Rita, as she tries to discover herself by participating in anEnglish literary works course at the Open University. Her lecturer, who isfrom a more middle class background, Frank, is somewhat of anunorthodox one he is frequently found to be inebriate and, during onelecture, he is so drunk that he affects off of the rostrum in the hallThis erratic behaviour leads to him be sent to Australia for twainyears. In this essay, I am going to discuss how I might direct thisplay so that I achieve humour for the audience.There atomic number 18 four main aspects that create the humour in the playEducating Rita the first of which is the comedy of the character.This is when a character in the play is perceived as being humorous bythe way that the character speaks or a trait that the character has.When Rita enters Franks classroom in the first scene, she blurts outIm coming in, arent I? Its that stupid bleedin handle on thedoor. You wanna get it fixedAs director, I would have the actress playing Rita fall through thedoor and point towards Frank, as if to order him to fix the door. Theactor playing Frank would have to put on a stern face, sounding indisbelief at Rita in shock at the way she entered.Considering the fact that this is an interview situation, the audiencewould be shocked, as the language is totally out of the blue andinappropriate for such a formal situation. Also the fact that she... ...e rostrum- an action thatoccurs because of his drunkenness. Along with Franks drinking, Ritasentrance to the play is an mannequin of extremely effective comedy ofcharacter. However, as the play progresses and Rita becomes moreaware and cognisant of her actions the comedy seems to derive fromFranks drunkenness. There is much to be said as to how you would direct this play.Personally I would involve more than just the two characters Frank andRita. This would give me as director, the chance to introduce morehumorous situations. Other occurrences that would possibly make theplay more interesting could be added to the play with the introductionof extra characters. Willy Russell wrote this play to be performed,but I must wonder why he wrote the play with only two characters if hedid eventually see the play being performed on the silver screen.

Weed Kill Experiment Report :: essays research papers

Weed Kill ReportABSTRACT - The objective of this experiment is to determine which of three weed vote down rules will be most successful in gobble uping the Cobblers peg weed over a five day period. Two of the weed fine-tune methods are natural - boiling water and vinegar solution. One of the weed kill methods is a weed spray Yates ZERO. The most effective weed kill was found by examining how fast and effectively each weed kill treatment killed its group of seventeen weeds which were separated into one of three spume boxes over a period of five days. The most successful method was found to be one of the natural methods, boiling water. The next best method was the herbicide and then the least successful method was the vinegar solution which killed none of its weeds. INTRODUCTION My initial observation was that simple conservation actions such as reducing the use of pesticides can achieve measurable improvements in habitat quality and environmental health. Herbicides are toxic to most mammals as well as to the beneficial insects that you want to encourage in your garden. Sometimes herbicides seep into the ground water causing contamination of which the long term effects are non known. Herbicide application can also result in drift or movement in the soil, this endangers wanted vegetation nearby. Herbicides are used out-of-the-way(prenominal) too rampantly. Excessive use of toxic herbicides is used when not necessary and because most are not aware of the many other natural alter primordials. We must(prenominal) find more ways to cut back on the use of chemical herbicides and change to biological weed control methods. Foreign plants which turn into weeds are continuously being introduced to Australia both accidentally and intentionally. They can cause extreme damage to Australias environment, as they threaten the survival of many native plants. They are successful in growing as they - usually grow faster than native plants competing for nutrients, water, sp ace etc, they survive better as they do not have the pests and diseases that would normally control them in their natural habitats, they take over the native plants that the native animals use for shelter, food and nesting. The Cobblers peg (Bidens pilosa) also known as farmers friend, Spanish needle and beggars tick was introduced from South America and has become a weed in Australia. Individual flowers are yellow with white petals and do not last for very long, eventually turning into seeds.

Germany under Bismarck :: essays research papers

Germany under BismarckThe Historical DebateThe view of Bismarck over the years has changed and it is the historical debate surrounding our erudition of him and his intentions that often shapes our interpretation of the German unification. No 19th century figure has attracted the attention and controversy that surround the achievement of Otto von Bismarck, with the exception perhaps of Napoleon Bonaparte. The success of Bismarcks work in unifying Germany has shifted from a determinist to a dialectic approach.Early historiography had portrayed him as a master statesman, leash Germany to her rightful destiny. However, dissent from this thesis was at first from non-German historians who re-interpreted later events to conclude that there were more sinister implications to the work of the Iron Chancellor, making him a more Machiavellian and immoral politician.Later historians, after the Second World War adopted a teleological interpretation of Bismarck accusing him of leaders the way for the disastrous era of Nazism by crippling the development of democratic institutions in Germany, he laid the country open to time to come day dictatorships however, roughly historians have argued that Bismarck could not be held for all future developments. They cite his semi-feudal brand of conservatism, arguing that along with his religion and his limited Pan-German view, these factors all distanced him greatly from the principles of Nazism. recent developments have tended to move away from the study of Grand Policy, to diminish the role played by great men such as Bismarck, and to stress the wider context in which they operated.Themes and Problems of 19th century EuropeThe wreck of the Napoleonic empire in 1814-15 brought the statesmen of Europe to provide for he political future of France and those territories conquered by France. In addition they had to reestablish the balance of power shattered by the Napoleonic campaigns, and to ensure against any similar disruption. France was forced to accept a restoration of the Bourbon dynasty, and a large war indemnity and an army of occupation was imposed. The justifications were manifold however, few do come to mind. Firstly, the Allies sought to prevent future French expansion by the creation of a cordon of relatively strong states around her borders. To this end, a new United Kingdom of the Netherlands was created, consisting of the old Dutch majority rule and the Austrian Netherlands (now Belgium). Secondly, this cordon was backed and supported by a loose confederation of 38 states known as the German confederation which was established to compensate for the collapse of the old Holy Roman Empire which would ensure that a mass of small German states would be less easy prey for a future expansionist power.

Chaucers The Canterbury Tales Essay -- Chaucer Canterbury Tales Essay

Chaucers The Canterbury TalesWhile the majority of literary classics today do well at engaging the reader and allowing them a vicarious understanding of a fictitious characters life, Chaucer found a way to engage more than well(p) the reader and the character. In his Canterbury Tales, Chaucer masterfully links together himself as the author, himself as a character in the story, the other characters, and then finally the readers. Chaucers history flow forms a type of giant sphere, where connections can be made from both characters and real people to characters connecting with other characters. Starting with Chaucer-the man, it is apparent that he is looking at at his characters, the pilgrims on their journey. As he is writing their stories and descriptions, Chaucer is creating them to emulate people he has found in real life. Chaucer watches his own created characters to see how they react and and then expresses his personal views of certain classes of people. Chaucer-the man also sees Chaucer-the pilgrim. Like his created pilgrims in the story, Chaucer has found a way to put ...

Qualities Of A Pastoral Carer :: essays research papers

Describe the essential qualities of a pastoral caregiver. Outline literature used to support your assumptions. Discuss the qualities you believe that you have already and what you recognise you have to develop. Include how you intend to do this.&8220The shepherd was with his flock day and night, often in remote places far from home, and he had to be skilled in tutelage the flock together, in finding wanderers and stragglers, in recognising the ailments of his sheep and knowing how to cure them, and in ensuring the safety of the vulnerable members of the flock. This definition of the role of a pastoral caregiver highlights the necessary for certain fundamental qualities within an individual in this role. These qualities include integrity, relevant response to issues of the time, deep knowledge of the heart of God, humility, and love.Deep knowledge of the heart of God, is the closely important whole tone for someone in a pastoral role. &8220Do you know the incarnate God? In our w orld of loneliness and despair, there is an rattling(a) need for men and women who know the heart of god, a heart that forgives, that cares, that reaches out and wants to heal&8230The knowledge of Jesus&8217 heart is a knowledge of the heart. And when we detain in the world with that knowledge, we cannot do other than bring healing, reconciliation, new life, and hope wherever we go. Spiritual maturity is essential as the above quote of Henri Nouwen explains and is further delimit by St Gregory the Great where he wrote, &8220That man, therefore, ought by all means to be drawn with cords to be an example of good living&8230who studies so to live that he may be able to water even dry hearts with the streams of doctrine&8230 , for a rounded and biblically sound approach as a carer. However the relationship between the individual and Christ is inevitably ever changing. The pastoral caregiver has to have an open mind to this spiritual development in such things as his or her spiritual gifts, for growth within him or herself and within his or her care giving.In conjunction with this relationship with Christ the quality of relevant response with regard to current issues arises. Contextualising pastoral theology is achieved through this partnership with God and the original attitudes and awareness that come from an experience and understanding of the portray situation. Here the wounded healer has the opportunity to address these issues more totally as they have an empathetic depth of understanding.

Qualities Of A Pastoral Carer :: essays research papers

Describe the essential qualities of a rustic caregiver. Outline literature utilize to support your assumptions. Discuss the qualities you believe that you have already and what you recognise you need to develop. Include how you intend to do this.&8220The shepherd was with his flock day and night, often in remote places far from home, and he had to be skilled in keeping the flock together, in finding wanderers and stragglers, in recognising the ailments of his sheep and cheating how to cure them, and in ensuring the safe of the vulnerable members of the flock. This definition of the role of a pastoral caregiver highlights the necessity for certain fundamental qualities in spite of appearance an individual in this role. These qualities include integrity, relevant solvent to issues of the time, deep knowledge of the heart of God, humility, and love.Deep knowledge of the heart of God, is the most important quality for someone in a pastoral role. &8220Do you know the incarnate God? In our world of loneliness and despair, there is an enormous need for men and women who know the heart of god, a heart that forgives, that cares, that reaches out and wants to furbish up&8230The knowledge of Jesus&8217 heart is a knowledge of the heart. And when we live in the world with that knowledge, we cannot do other than bring healing, reconciliation, new life, and hope wherever we go. apparitional maturity is essential as the above quote of Henri Nouwen explains and is further defined by St Gregory the Great where he wrote, &8220That man, therefore, ought by all means to be worn-out with cords to be an example of good living&8230who studies so to live that he may be able to water even dry paddy wagon with the streams of doctrine&8230 , for a rounded and biblically sound approach as a carer. However the relationship between the individual and Christ is inevitably ever changing. The pastoral caregiver has to have an open mind to this spiritual development in such things as his or her spiritual gifts, for growth within him or herself and within his or her care giving.In conjunction with this relationship with Christ the quality of relevant response with regard to current issues arises. Contextualising pastoral theology is achieved through this league with God and the original attitudes and awareness that come from an experience and understanding of the present situation. Here the wounded healer has the opportunity to address these issues more totally as they have an empathetic depth of understanding.

Open Market Operations

Open Market Operations Macroeconomics Ari Davis Open market operations (in short) are the process of implementing monetary policy. This occurs due to a central bank which controls the short term take rate and the supply of base money in an prudence, and as a result ultimately the total money supply. This involves meeting the demand of base money at the target interest rate by dealing and selling government securities. The provide conducts open market operations when it buys or sells government bonds.When there is an growingd demand for base money the provide takes the necessary action to increase the base supply of money. In order to increase the money supply the Fed instructs its bond traders in New York to buy back bonds from the public in the bond markets. Because the Fed is paying for these bonds there is an increase in the number of dollars in the economy. Some of this sweet money is held as currency (the owner literally holds onto the money in their hand). This means th at for every dollar the money supply increases by exactly one dollar.Whereas the new money that is deposited into banks increase the money supply by more than a dollar (for every new dollar) because of the money multiplier effect. The money multiplier is the nub of money the banking system generates with each dollar of reserves. thereof the fractional reserve banking system is the facet that dramatically increases the money supply. On the other hand, if the Fed cares to reduce the money supply they will sell government bonds to the public through the bond markets.The public pays for these bonds (which goes to the Feds) and thus money is withdrawn from the economy and the money supply is decreased. People will often withdraw money from banks in order to purchase government bonds. Thus the money that is withdrawn leaves the banks with few reserves and thus the banks must reduce the amount of money they lend out. Nowadays most money is in the form of electronic records rather than cash. Therefore open market operations are conducted simply by electronically increasing or decreasing (crediting or debiting) the amount of base oney that the bank has in its reserve account at the central bank. As a result, Open Market operations do not literally require new currency. However, this will increase the central banks requirement to print currency when the member bank demands banknotes, in exchange for a decrease in its electronic balance. In The USA, the Fed sets an interest rate target for the Fed funds market. When the Fed funds rate is higher than the target, the Reserve Bank will most probably increase the money supply. When the actual Fed funds rate is lower than its target, the central Bank will usually decrease the money supply.Monetary targets such as inflation, interest rates or exchange rates are used to guide this implementation. I believe Open Market Operations are a unattackable system because they are easy to conduct and they help keep the money supply at a manageable level. The Fed has complete control and indeed they are usually conducted in the hands of professionals (who know what is best for the economy). Open market operations are flexible, easily reversed and can be implement quickly. With the state of trading and the modern markets today, Open Market Operations are a necessity in order to keep the economy strong.

19th Amendment analysis

The 19th A custodydment The nineteenth amendment was an enormous step in history. It gave women the right to vote. For legion(predicate) years, women had been fighting for this. This amendment drastically changed the lives of Americans and others. It all started in 1848. In this year, the Womens Suffrage Movement was organized. Some of the key leaders of this transaction were Elizabeth Stanton, Lucretia Mott, and Susan Anthony. These three women, with the help of many others, were vital in swaying the publics view on womens right to vote and ca-ca a say in the nation.During the nineteenth century, women organized, petitioned, lectured, marched, rioted, and practiced civil disobedience in exhibition to get freedom. The nineteenth amendment was first introduced in 1878 and was ratified on August 18, 1920. This means that many of the women who started this movement did non live to see it passed. By 1916, near of the major suffrage organizations were fighting for womens rights. Eve n President Wilson, eventually, supported the amendment. After the passing of the amendment, women still fought for equality in all social, political, and economic areas.This movement changed the whole energy of America. The nineteenth amendment gave half the population of America the right to vote and the right to hold public offices. This meant women finally had a voice, it was not precisely men making all the decisions. This was huge to drop women in public offices. Offices once made up entirely of men were being infiltrated with women. It changed the whole participating of the working life. Not only did it change America, but it also alter other nations.The United Nations started to examine the treatment of women. Eventually, the United Nations created the Convention on the voidance of All Forms of Discrimination against Women in 1979. The document required the countries that signed to end gender discrimination in their legal system To many, this amendment was one of the g reatest and most monumental things to happen in history. Conversely, was it too successful? This act has given women a sense of right entitlement when it comes to things such as being in the regular army or holding high offices.It is not the job of women to defend our country. Men are our defenders. While some women deserve various jobs due to hard work, there are other jobs that should not be available to women. For instance, presidency should be limited to men. 1 Timothy 212 says I do not permit a woman to teach or to exercise authority over a man rather, she is to remain quiet. According to the Bible, men are to have authority over women and women should not hold authority over men.The highest position of authority in America should only be given to men because they are to be the leaders, not women. Nowadays, women have a hard time submitting. They think that just because they now have rights they can take the position of men. This has greatly affected our society. Women are be coming more independent and men are becoming lazier and are losing their leadership. It has caused families to split and the roles of husband and wife have been reversed in many relationships. However, this amendment has also been very good for society.Men no longer treat women like objects or lesser than themselves. Women are generally seen as equals. This is a Biblical idea. fling and Eve were created equal in Gods image. Women should not be limited to basically being house servants. They are also human beings who have good insights and can help further a country or state. In the end, the nineteenth amendment has its pros and cons. But the fact that women were finally given equal rights to that of men was monumental. This amendment truly changed history.

Leadership Structure in the Local Church

Structure for Church Ministry By Geraldine Rowe A Paper Presented to Professor Dr. Epps In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For investigate for Scholarly Writing College of Biblical Studies Houston, Texas October 14, 2010 ? Leadership Structure for Church Ministry The local church has not exhibited consistent patterns of lay evanesceers. Most denominations articulate the Reformation doctrine of a universal priesthood, while vacillating with changing times and reduceures.At both the local and denominational levels organizations stick out expanded the role of lay persons which may or may not require them to be educated clergy. Organization structure of the local church whether modern or traditional empowers themselves to announce the word, administer the sacraments and to rallying cry and discipline ministers and laity. Believers in Christ connect simultaneously as a congregation to manage the work that Jesus requested. The general regard ass that can be acclimatized to fit the features of the local church were established by the early church to do ministry.These values can be directed to the constitution or bylaws of a localized place of worship in modern times. Concentration should be given up to the reason and objective of the local church preventing them from dropping into the complacency of unspoilt doing church. In architecture, one of the most significant notions is that the church balances between covenant theology and proliferated leadership roles. To explore this notion a closer look is given to church models and their leadership philosophies, beginning with the authority or head of the church.The first and most significant part of the churchs structure is the Head sheepman who is Jesus Christ (Ephesians 122-23, 415-16). Underneath the Head Shepherd, t here(predicate) is an assembly of under shepherds (overseers, elders or pastors). Historically, from the perspective of Anglicans, Puritans, and Presbyterians all early Baptist preacher s were lay, meaning they did not receive Episcopal or Presbyterian ordination. One example was Thomas Collier, who joined one of the seven London churches and served as an itinerant evangelist.He, through the use of the press gained great influence of Particular Baptists. Lay preachers were the chief means for the advancement of Baptist in the American frontier. Today, however the Pastor no longer functions merely as preachers, chief administrators or ordinances, counselors, and general leaders. They have become executives or administrators who perform numerous functions. They interface disillusionment when they discover that it requires something very different. They become the hired turn over instead of immortal-called ministers.The common options for handling this issue seems to be emphasize the equipping role of the pastor and other professionals while seeking to acknowledge an array of functions and leadership in the churches today. The leadership of the church depends largel y upon its doctrine and how closely the pastor is to follow its bylaws. One view is that of the church as a covenant community of interests which has deep roots in biblical as well as free-church traditions. Max Stackhouse wrote on free church Calvinism which had a strong influence on the Puritans who left the Church of England.He describes it like this A covenantal people live under the law of God, and find themselves empowered to live together by the love of God. God is the source and sustainer of the covenant ecclesia. Though the initiator of the covenant of God, the church also in a sense a spontaneous community. The covenant is voluntary in the sense that it is not a community given by birth in a family, class or nation. People must spot to be an active member. This is so even if, in another sense, it is not voluntary at all. God initiates the covenant, humans only receive it, as stand for by baptism. This doctrine if properly adopted eliminates the temptation of self-intere st, isolation and the disregard for the claims of others. Statistic show however that among Southern Baptist Churches the denomination has been restricted by geography and economist to the South, and by racism. Additionally, m some(prenominal) southern Baptist have embraced the pluralistic value of urban life and advance education. Covenantalism, in its original intent could guide a ashes which recognizes different influences and authorities, and to give a voice to diverse groups and individuals.A church is both an organism and an organization. According to New Testament writers the church is defined as the ashes of Christ (1 Corinthians 12) also the bride of Christ (Revelation 19). These scriptures personify the church as a living organism. This organism lives under the leadership of the spirit of Christ as it whole kit and caboodle in the life of believers which prompts them to begin a congregation. An effective leader strives to keep the congregation attached to its source of vitality thereby keeping people concentrate on the One who corporately gives them strength and direction.This organism can be dynamic or it can become weak and sickly. As an organism its life and energy must be c atomic number 18d for very much liken to one who would care for a living being. The Church is also an organization as defined by Webster. It is any unified, consolidated group of elements systematized whole a) a body of persons organized for some specific purpose. As an organization the Church has form, structure, a missionary station to perform, clientele, constituents, programs, a way of doing business, financial systems, a corporate culture, and numerous other attributes of any other organization whether secular or sacred.The effective leader needs to take the nature of its organization and attempt to lead the church carrying out its mission. Leaders of the Bible like Moses, Joshua, David, Nehemiah, Jesus, Paul and others had goals and envisioned the end results a s they pushed themselves and led others. either effective leader can enlist people around them to commit to common purpose. They motivate others to dream the dreams, see the visions, and work toward the goals that have been set. This servant leader strives to build trust between leader and effective balance so that leadership compliments one another.This frees him up to preach the gospel. When a leader is also task oriented he will do whatever it takes to accomplish the task at hand. People are not very important. The danger here is that the leader directs more attention to the organization than the organism. The most consistent lay leadership role in ministry in Baptist Churches has been that of deacon. The work of the Deacon is to serve tables, providing the noble Supper. They are to partner with the Pastor as bond servants and overseers agree to Phil 11.Likewise his attributes should reconcile with the description of overseer given in 1Tim 31-13. The position of Deacon and ot her church officers and ministries are accountable when heading up a successful church organization. Patterson makes this point clear in his writings about jumper cable from the second chair. A second chair leader may be defined as anyone in a subordinate whole whose influence with others adds value throughout the organization. It could refer to the second or the fourth or fifth person of the organization chart.According to this writer the second chair leader should learn from the paradoxes from the facial expression on the life of Joseph in the book of Genesis. If the overseers are out of order and dysfunctional, the entire congregation suffers from confusion and strife that eventually weakens the church preventing it to function according to its original purpose. The biblical purpose of the church is the Great Commission as utter in Matthew 2819-20. Its mission, or the way in which its purpose is carried out, is stated in Acts 242-47 as evangelism, discipleship, worship, minist ry, prayer, and fellowship.The leader of the second chair understands the mission of the church and has developed a vision of what the purpose of the church is and is committed to that mission and vision. In conclusion, many changes have taken place in the local church since its Reformation principals. Some of these changes have raised the awareness of social injustices and much progress has been made in the areas of diversity. Many of the post modern adjustments that were made in order to accommodate a diverse society however have proven to weaken its effectiveness in a dying world.Over a period of time the church has become stagnate and content with the way things are being done been under the umbrella of the church. Distractions such as church membership, financial budgets, and annual programs have taken the forefront of too many local congregations. They exist to survive or survive to exist and totally lose sight of its mandate to teach the Word of God, win people to a saving kn owledge of Christ, grow people in Christ- likeness, and minister to one another.The Leaders and Overseers should re-evaluate their agenda. They should nurture the passion for work to which they have been called and keep their eyes on the mission and purpose of the church or whatever group/organization they are leading. This will eradicate confusion, hostility, misunderstandings, controversy and selfish agendas. They should be determined to lead the church to develop strong, positive Kingdom agendas that clearly contributes to the advancement of the cause of Christ in the world.

Corporal Punishment in the Home and Spanking Varies

rattling im tuckerd on a peasant can hand over a harmful or helpful make on a childs upbringing ABSTRACT Spanking a child is unriv each(prenominal)ed of the to the highest degree controversial and talked close to disciplinary order in to twenty-four hourss society. Rules and laws form changed to govern the way we discipline our children in our homes, trails and public places. Research has sh proclaim a mild correlation among dashing and massive term tangible, mental, emotional and sexual ab intake on a child, while different research discloses no long term effect on a child except to say that at that place should be a noticeable distinction betwixt ab make use of and rattling(a).Statistics receive plantn that much(prenominal) p arents cogitate in jovial child when deemed necessary, while separates believe that tremendous can be seen as a form of child abuse and that there should be other haughty resources other than pounding. A more in depth perspicac ity of the effect of festive depends upon social views of refreshful, cultural norms, sexual dangers, the racial color line, affects in early and later demeanor, behavioural problem, the different carri ripens of fantastic as soundly as the circumstances behind a nippy.This research opus will lelucidate these views and issues as well as the status of current research, the methodology limitations and the belief of teaching a positive alternative discipline technique to get ups. Ac sleep withledgements There are many people that I would like to fuck in my overall achievement of my degree. 1st I would like to GOD for giving me the strength to continue universe a full date single erect, a full clock working person and a full time student. I would like to acknowledge my set out he was the brains behind well-nigh of my projects as well as the push to succeed.My children, who I endured most of the torment in my life for and last however not least, my future husband Quenti n that have always given me the strength to take on the world. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT iii Chapter I Introduction 6 Statement of the Problem. 6 Assumption of the Study. . 6 Definition of Terms. 7 Methodology 7 Chapter II literature Review.. Chapter III Methodology.. 21 Subject Selection and description. 21 Instrumentation . .. 22 data Collection Procedures. . 22 Data compendium. 23 Limitations.. 23 Chapter IV Results.. 25 Chapter V Discussion 27 Limitations27 Conclusions. .. 8 Recommendations. 29 References.. 30 Appendix A Pagination. 33 Appendix B How to Thrive in Graduate give lessons.. 34 Appendix C How to survive the Research Paper Experience 35 Chapter 1 Introduction Statement of the Problem While many of us were spanked as a child, our definition of frosty varies among each individual. What was done in one home base could have been different in the next household further the message came across the same.There have been many debates over spanking, some feel tha t it is hunky-dory to spank a child, some who feel that a child should never be spanked and finally there are those who feel that a child should unaccompanied be spanked for a particular reason. Some people feel that spanking can have a long term effect and those who feel that spanking will have no effect at all. Purpose of the Problem The purpose of this problem is public awareness. many an(prenominal) people do not know what spanking does to a childs physical, mental, emotional or sexual introduce.I would as well as like to learn what the experts say ab by and if it will have a long term effect on my children. Assumption of the Study There are many assumptions close spanking that are published and unpublished. It is assumed that spanking will cause long term mental and sexual effectuate on a child. It is as well as assumed that spanking cause no effect on a child at all. Some experts can challenge that there is a fine line amid spanking and beatings. It is my assumption t hat spanking could and could not do short and long term on a child, depending on the type of spanking as well as the time limit for each spanking.Definition of Terms Spanking To discipline a child utilizing a belt, paddle for the purpose improvement. Time forbidden To place a child in a certain spot (i. e a corner) for a specific amount of time as a disciplinary method. Limitation of the Study The limitation of this study is determines by those that spank, as well as the potential harm from this spanking. Methodology Two studies were conducted for this paper. The first is a study I conducted through collages and family members to determine if their spanking will pose harm to their children. This method was conducted using the Likert Scale.The second study was conducted by Dr. Slade and Dr. Wissow to determine if ex be given / ethnicity was a factor in spanking children and behavioral problems. Chapter II Literature Review Spanking has a long history since the beginning of time. It was noted that in Ancient Greece, it was customary for childless women to visit the tabernacle of Juno in Athens, to be cured of sterility by the priests of an. The women had to lie face down on the temple floor, and be whipped with a lash made of goats hide (our world). The Romans as well told a story where naked men danced in the streets beating every woman they came across.The daughter was placed across the knees of the sponsor, and then the girls bottom was destituted and strapped to the accompaniment of clashing cymbals. This spanking is alleged to last until the 16th century when the wife of the heir to the throne of France was childless. It was decided that a spanking would be administered daily to the princess. After a long period, she gave birth (our world). Spanking in the spiritual realm were a factor. The church counterbalance defined different types of whipping superior whippings on the back, while low referred to the naked thattock.Priests use whipping as a me ans of expiating sins. It was common for women, after confession, to retire to a priests room and have her air out bottom birched while resting on a specially designed kneeler (our world). Proverbs of the bible quotes different versus pertaining to spanking a child. Proverbs 1324 says he who spares the rod hates his son, still he who loves him is careful to discipline him (NIV). Proverbs 2313 says withhold not correction from the child for if thou beatest him with the rod, he shall not die (NIV).Proverbs 2314 says Thou shalt beat him with the rod, and shalt deliver his soul from hell (NIV). These verses of the bible are what most people use as an excuse when they decide to discipline their children. pontiff Adrian, the first was the one that finally put an end to spanking in the church. Catherine de Medici was famous for her lust in see in women bare bottom whipped. She personally spanked them on the besidestock with the palm of her hand, with great blows and fairly rough handl ing (our world). Spanking was not only a Europe event. In the United Stated, it was astray accepted for call downs to spank their children.Dorothy Spencer published her Spencer Spanking Plan. In this plan she said that it was meant to terminus in marital bliss. It clearly defined when a man could spank his wife, and when a woman could whip her husband (our world). Eventually spanking became associated with erotic fantasy. Parenting across the globe has changed from category to year. Spanking varies depending on the different parenting style 1) The Martyr. This parenting style by and too large gives the child what they want. They often try to please the child to make the child fill fulfilled.With this type of parenting style, children are less likely to receive a spanking. 2) The pal parenting style is often displayed as the parent universe a friend instead of an authoritative role in the childs life. The children generally do what they want with little intervention from the p arent. With this type of parenting style, there is little incident of a child receiving a spanking. 3) The Police officer of drill sergeant style of parenting is usually punitive or authoritative. This parenting style generally punishes for small offenses thus making spanking very likely. ) The teacher parenting style is pleased when the child asks for advice or impressions. With this parenting style there is a slight chance of spanking. 5) The booster or the promoter is a parenting style where the parents are proud of their children accomplishments. This style of parents shows emotions when the children do not live up to their expectations. There is a chance for spanking in this parenting style due to the high expectations of the parents. 6) The snoop is a parenting style by parents that are generally hard on their children. They have a lack of trust for their children.They tiltening to phone conversations, follow them, search their bedrooms and use up private detectives. This parent will likely spank their children if the child gets caught in a lie. The types of spanking administered to a child can determine what type of effects positive or negative a child will sustain early and later in life. I can remember a time when my mother use to spank my sister and I with what ever she had handy. Different types can vary from hands, belts, strap, switches, paddles whips or some household items such as a shoe, brush or slipper.There are three different models associated with spanking 1) Domestic model is the type of spanking that is usually administered by parent or guardian. 2) Judicial model is the type of spanking that is administered authorities figure such as a prison guard. This type of spanking is also common in boot camps and juvenile facilities. 3) Educational model is spanking that is administered in inculcates. Although many parents do not grant permission for their child to be spanked in school, there are 23 schools in the United States that still o ffer sensible penalisation.Spanking a child is done 90% of the time in one of two positions. The child is either laid across the knee of the parent or the child is made to stand in one position and is administered the licks. other ways to administer a spanking to a child is called the diaper position. The child is laid on a flat surface and held legs up, by the ankles, and crap with an open hand upon the bare bottom (Wikpedia, 2007). Another position of spanking would be the child bent over a piece of furniture and spot their toes (Wikipedia, 2007).Spanking is also given over a diaper (usually merely to emphasize humiliation, scarcely not to cause pin), over clothing, over undergarments, or upon the bare buttocks depending on the amount of pain or humiliation intended the latter is greater affixd by witnesses, such as the household, the class, or even a school assembly (Wikipedia, 2007). There is greater responsibility when disciplining a child. Many parents feel that it is n ecessary to spank a child for the childs well cosmos, others feel that because they were spanked as a child, they will spank their children.There are many things that contract to be done to frame a relationship with your child some include teaching a child to listen and building a bond between parent and child. If a spanking is in order there are a number of things that have to be considered (1) the number of swats to give a child and (2) how hard the swats need to be. There are advocated that are for and against spanking. The advocates for spanking feel that spanking is up to the parent stating that parents have the right to raise their children in the way they consider most appropriate.They also hold there is little evidence that moderate spanking is harmful. Many believe that discipline problems among children have recently increased, and partially attribute the increase to the decline of both parental authority and the use of spanking (Wikipedia, 2007). Other people feel that spanking causes no long term harm or damage. It has been argued that when parents and children are engaged in a prolonged struggle for authority, the anger, bitterness that result can cause emotional estrangement that far outweighs any potential negative effects from moderate spanking, while a sound spanking would clear the air.Some advocates for spanking comes from a behaviorist point of view, and argue that as spanking is a form of operant conditioning, the child associates certain behavior with the physical pain and/or humiliation caused by spanking. Since a childs learning process may be less complex than that of an adult, they claim that children are more likely to be influence by such a conditioning (Wikipedia, 2007). Advocates against spanking such as the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP, 1998) recommend that parents be encourage and assisted in the get downment of methods other than spanking for managing undesired behavior (AAP, 1998).They goes further to say that the more children are spanked, the more anger they report as adults, the more likely they are to spank their own children, the more likely they are to approve of fool awayting a spouse, and the more marital conflict they experience as adults (AAP, 1998). The Natural churl Project list several reasons not to spank a child (1) Hitting your child teaches then to become hitters. (2) The child is simply responding in the only way he can. (3) Punishments distract the child from learning how to resolve conflicts. (4) release the Rod and Spoil the child 5) Punishment interferes with bond between parent and child. (6) Punishment can increase to more frequent and dangerous actions against the child. (7) Anger and frustration becomes stored (8) Physical punishment gives unfair message. (9) Physical punishment gives message that hitting is an appropriate way to designate feelings (Hunt, 1997) Some negative effects of spanking is some children will have anxiety disorders, drug and alcohol pro blems, antisocial behavior and depression were more overriding among adults who had been spanked as children.Other problems are that it is easy for a parent to lose patience light swats can escalate after repeated failures at curtailing irrelevant behavior (Blaker). Some positive effects include stirring the children in the right directions, making a child know right from wrong, kids will insure once they get older that they parents really care about their well being and the direction of their lives as a result of the spanking, and most of all spanking is a form of direct discipline. When to spank and the circumstances surroundings spanking is most-valuable knowledge.It is okay to spank a child when the child lies, steals, is disrespectful or disobedient or simply when the parent gets upset because they cannot take it anymore. A recent MSNBC article outlined some of the readers comments on their opinion about spanking. Rhonda feels that it all depends on your child. You have to match the discipline to the child. Spanking should be used as a last resort when nothing else whole caboodle (MSNBC, 2007). Although Rhonda feels that spanking should be used as a last resort, Sherry from Charlotte, North Carolina says that spanking is a personal decision to be made by the parent (MSNBC, 2007).While Chris from Omaha, Nebraska feels that not hitting, not slapping but spanking works. Spanking is a controlled form of discipline, not an emotional outburst, or reaction to being gaga this is called hitting. There is a huge difference between spanking and hitting and those who use spanking as an utile disciplinary measure will have no problem defending the practice (MSNBC, 2007). I agree with Chris, spanking should not be done out of anger but as a mean of punishment to teach the child a lesson, or prevent the child from repeating the current situation.Bryan from Lake Worth Florida believes that it is a parental question that should be left up to the parent. They are t he responsible ones, after all (MSNBC, 2007). Bryan has a good point parents should be the ones that dictate when and how a child gets a spanked. Parents have been given the smaller end of the stick when it comes to their children. Finally Greg from Alabama feels that Spanking is the only effective method of child discipline. There is a difference between hitting and spanking, yet most experts think they are the same. Spanking is biblical and ordered by GOD.If God says it is OK we should listening (MSNBC, 2007). While Greg believes that spanking may be the only effective discipline, it also depends on the child and how spanking effects them. Cultural norms can play a big role when it comes to spanking. In the United States many people view spanking as a form of discipline, while some view it as an abusive model that may very well turn that child into an aggressive individual. Researchers from Duke University and other University around the world, conducted research to determine if c ulture plays a role in how parents spank their children.Of their results they came to the shutdown that mothers in Thailand were least likely to physically discipline their children, followed by mothers in China, the Philippines, Italy, India, and Kenya, with mothers in Kenya most likely to physically discipline their children (Science Daily, 2005). They also found that more frequent use of physical discipline was less strongly associated with child aggression and anxiety when it was perceived as being more culturally accepted, but physical discipline was also associated with more aggression and discipline regardless of the perception of cultural acceptance (Science Daily, 2005).Jessica Lansford, Ph. D. , a research scientist at the Center for Child and Family Policy at Duke University also says a particular parenting practice may become a problem only if parents use it in a cultural circumstance that does not support the practice (for example, if they migrate from one country to another)(Science Daily, 2005). Other negative effects of spanking are that it can create an affiliation between pain and sexual pleasure. The buttock can be a childs sexual sense of the human anatomy. Spanking also trespasses on one of the bodys most private and sexual areas the buttock (Johnson, 2002).The sexual temperament of the buttock is explained not only by their proximity to the genitals, but also by their high concentration of nerve endings which leads directly to sexual nerve centers. Hence, the buttocks are a major focus of sexual signals (Johnson, 2002). They also go to say spanking can interfere with a childs normal sexual and psychological development. Slapping them can trigger powerful and spontaneous sensations of sexual pleasures and a child who buttock are spanked may experience deep and lasting sexual shame (Johnson, 2002).There are a large majority of experts that believe that children should not be spanked especially girls. According to Jordan Riak, a retire d school teacher and the executive director of Parents and teachers against Violence in Education, when a girl is spanked by her father or paddled by a male school teacher, she is being trained to submit. Risk also go to say when a school district permits teachers to paddle girls it is setting those girls up to be victims of future male authority figures, whether it be a boyfriend, husband or employer.Many of the experts associate spanking with sexual desires. Race and gender have a very big influence on spanking children. Does it make a difference who the child receives a spanking from? It is noted in the making of the slave that a woman spanking a boy teaches the boy to become submissive. She would have a particular(a) protective tendency toward her independent male offspring and would raise male offspring to be dependant like her. Nature had provided for this type of balance. We reverse nature by bullwhipping to the point of death.By her being left alone, unprotected, with the m ale image destroyed, the ordeal caused her to move from her psychologically dependant state to a frozen, independent state (Lynch, 2005). In this independent state, she will raise her male and female offspring in reversed roles. She will train him to be mentally weak and dependant, but physically strong (Lynch, 2005). Because of this portentous children and male children are much more likely to be hit at home and school and spanking of boys tend to be more severe, more frequent and more aggressive than girls.Ironically, the research shows that while corporal punishment is counterproductive for all children, it is even more counterproductive for boys than girls (Wikipedia, 2007). Spanking is more common among low income parents, in the South, for boys, and by mothers, especially white mothers (those under age 33). Overall, older parents are less likely to use corporal punishment than younger parents (Day et al. , 1998 Straus and Stewart Walsh, 2002). Parents that choose to spank the ir children have to know how young a child should be when they first start receiving spankings.A written report was conducted and it indicated that 94 percent of Americans spank their children by the time they are 3 or 4. About 36 percent of parents discipline their infants by slapping their hands or leg, spanking their buttock, pinching, shaking, hitting on the buttock with a belt or paddle, or slapping the infants face. More than half of the parents hit their children hit at age 12, a third at age 14, and 13 percent at age 17. Hitting a child with a belt or paddle is most common for children aged 5 to 12. (Straus and Stewart, 1998). There are many factitious beliefs when it comes to spanking.Some of the fact and fictions are (1) Spanking is an effects way to manage behavior. Spanking is not a way to stop a child from misbehaving. It will only make a child misbehave more and can develop many problem because of the spanking. (2) I got hit when I was a kid and I turned out okay Beca use some people who were spanked turned out to live good and health lives, not all are so lucky. (3) If we dont spank our children, they will grow up to be rotten. A child being rotten does not come from a lack of spanking. There are many children who grow up rotten while being spanked. 4) The bible says Spare the Rod and Spoil the child and I must obey God. The bible also says that children should honor thy mother and thy father, which could the reason that they are so many delinquent children and serial killers. The bible is used as a support tool for the dos and the donts when it comes to disciplining children. A similar method could upright as well been used to middlingify slavery, suppression of women, polygamy, incest and infanticide. Basically to use the bible to spank is just an excuse (Block, 2007). Spanking imposed on a child early in life can have tremendous effect on a childs psychological state.The National longitudinal be of young Mother-Child Sample conducted a stu dy on 1,966 children younger than two. The results of this study confirmed that behavioral problems do not affect children until after the age of 4 in certain races. White non Hispanic families have the higher number of behavior problem associated with affects of mental, physical and behavioral problems as a result of spanking. Experts feel that spanking is no more effective than any other discipline. They feel that spanking is a short-term solution. Murray A.Straus, a professor of Sociology at the University of parvenu Hampshire and co-director of thats school Family Research Laboratory says it is no more effective than many other forms of discipline such as time outs, that work just as well in the short run and have no negative long term effects (Straus). Diana Baumrind, a research psychologist at the University of atomic number 20 feels that spanking is no more or less harmful than a mild scolding, timeout or other developmentally appropriate level and kind of punishment (MSNBC ). The American Academy of Pediatrics is against spanking children.They feel that spanking children has potential side effects. Paul Frick, a researcher at Fisk University in New siege of Orleans says that spanking and hitting can lead to later emotional and behavioral problems. Even children who are only smacked occasionally are more likely to show signs of depression or lower self esteem (MSNBC). My personal view of spanking is that it should be administered only when warranted. Children should not be spanked when a parent had reached a boiling limit. I believe that if children are not spanked they have a higher chance of developing disrespectful tendencies.Spanking not only stays a childs attitude but it makes them more respectful to adults and authority. Society places labeled on children that misbehave and often blames the parents, but at the same time parents that spank their children are often ridiculed by their peers and society. I believe that other alternative methods sh ould be tried before a spanking is given but if the other means do not work, then spank the child. Because spanking is one of the renowned topics discussed annually, Interviews as well as surveys are also conducted annually.ABCNEWS conducted a poll on if most Americans approved spanking they found that by a public result by a 2-1 margin, many people approve spanking. In their study they found that 65 percent of Americans approved spanking, they also found that 50 percent of parents spanked their children while 45 percent do not (ABCNEWS). ABC says that there is a regional difference among southerners and the rest of the country. 73 percent of southerners approved of spanking children compared to the 60 percent elsewhere. This ABCNEWS poll was conducted by holler Oct 25-29 in a random sample of about 1015 adults.The use of interviews makes a big difference in gaining public opinion and expert opinion. I conducted a survey of about 16 people on Feb 16 to get public (co workers, frien ds and family) opinion on if they believe that spanking harms or helps a child. These subjects were selected by race, age, marriage status, children or no children. 100 percent of the subjects believed that children should be spanked when appropriate or to teach a lesson, they also feel that it is appropriate to use belts and a verbal warning should be given before rendering a spanking. 0 percent of the respondents believed that child delinquents were spanked as a child while the other 50 percent believe that they were not. 100 percent of these subjects were spanked as a child and believes that if a child is spanked they will not grow up aggressive, hit others, feel humiliated or become angry. There were no considerable differences in those who feel spanking will have a harmful long term effect. Those opposed to spanking children believes that there are other methods for discipline children. Preventing or discouraging bad behavior is also more effective than tough the child.Prevent ing measures include avoiding situations that may cause trouble, distracting the child with positive activities, ignoring minor transgressions that have few consequences and rewarding good behavior. Placing children in time out is the most effective way to manage disruptive behavior once it has occurred. Parents should consistent and fair in their interactions with children and should invest time in i. e. , special time each day devoted to the relationship. (Walling). The future of spanking is determined by those that utilize it. Many people believe that spanking will some day be banned.Many lawmakers have introduced bill that may potential change the way we spank our children. California Democratic assembly woman Sally Lieber introduced a bill that would turn this behavior with children under 4. If the bill becomes law, that parent in the parking lot could be charged with a misdemeanor punishable by a year in jail or a fine of up to $1,000 (MSNBC). Until we as Americans are forced to give up the practice of spanking, spanking will take a breather one of the most controversial and researched topic. Chapter III Methodology While many of us were spanked as a child, we continue to spank our children for the reasons we see fit.Spanking children could pose some behavioral problems for some while no problems at all for others. There have been many debates over spanking this chapter will address the studies conducted to ascertain if spanking poses any threat to children. It is determined that at least 94% of children have been spanked in the last year. A National Survey administered by the state Fund found that 11% of parents reported spanking their child 6 to 11 months of age, 36% reported spanking a child 12 to 17 months and 59% reported spanking a child 18 to 23 months of age (Slade and Wissow, 2003).Drs Slade and Wissow conducted research by race to determine if spanking associates itself with behavioral problems in children under 4. Subject Selection and Des cription Using information from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Mother-Child (NLSY-MC), participants were selected using multistage stratified samples of dwellings, and group quarters. In the beginning, there were about 75,000 dwellings, over sampling African and Hispanic Americans and disadvantaged white. This selection focused on children under 21 in the home environs and child development.Starting in 1986 and continuing every two years thereafter, the NLSY-MC had 4845 children, 2879 were excluded for because of follow up interviews or had not yet attended preschool or easy school. Other exclusion included missing values of child behavior and the use of spanking (Slade and Wissow, 2003). Of the exclusions of the study, 28. 2% vs. 23. 0 P 119, which stated that 10% children in this range have more frequent and more severe behavior problems than the other 90% of children in the United States (Slade and Wissow, 2003). Data Collection ProceduresThe data stack away for the procedure were used using a likelihood ratio statistics to test the null hypothesis that probit model coefficient estimates were the same for the three ethnics / sub samples. Rejections of this hypothesis were used to determine if separate analyses by race/ethnic worked better for the data. The number of spankings was entered into the probit models as a quadratic term by spanking frequency and whole of spanking frequency. Past research showed that the relationship between spanking and behavioral problems is nonlinear, with larger marginal effects observed at greater spanking frequencies. Slade and Wissow, 2003) Data Analysis During this study, models were used for each variable using full sample and 3 sub samples (white, African Americans and Hispanic Americans). The purpose of separating the samples was for the association of race and physical discipline of child behavior problems. The change in children who exhibited the outcome of change represented the estimated effect of a 1- unit increase in value of children who had BPI of 119 or those that displayed behavioral problems in school.For the dichotomous variable, the marginal effect change in value from 0 to 1 of children with those outcomes (Slade and Wissow, 2003). Some measures could have been correlated the samples included 1 child per mother. Out of the 1540 samples used, 75% of mothers had one child, 21% of mothers had two children, 2% had three children and . 4% of mothers had four children used in this study. Limitations Dr. Slade and Dr. Wissow encountered several limitations white conducting this study.First, the father of the children and other adults were not conducted, so there is not way of determining if the spankings were administered by the mother, father, or both. Second, they found that the limitation of this data to be influenced because of the magnitude associated between spanking and behavioral problems. Third, there is no available information available on other forms of punishments used on these children. They believe that other forms of punishments may also lead to other behavioral problems. Other rating behavioral problems by mothers but were not confirmed by an independent observation.Fourth, fewer than half of the obtained samples were in the Hispanic Americans and African Americans sub samples that limited associations of spanking and behavior problems which apply only to 8% to 13% of the overall sample. Fifth, many children from the National Longitudinal Survey of Young Mother-Child Sample (NLSY-MC) were excluded from this study because of missing information representing 59% of eligible children. Many of the participants did not attend follow up interviews which makes the samples more bias toward African American and Hispanic Americans. These biases might have reduced the magnitude of the association of spanking frequency and behavioral problems are likely to have been relatively more common among low-income whites whose children were excluded from this sample (Slade and Wissow, 2003). Chapter IV Results The results of the study show differences (p . 05) among the three sub samples. They indicate that the white non Hispanic respondents were from a higher socioeconomic background than those of the black and Hispanic backgrounds. Income factors were higher for White families ($46,400), followed by Hispanic families ($35,200) and Africa American families ($26,300).Comparing all three groups white mothers were more likely to be married (87. 8 % vs. 45. 5% and 75. 0%). They were more likely to have completed at least 12 years of schooling (46. 7% vs. 38. 2% and 31. 7%), were older, and were more likely to read to their children (68. 2% vs. 39. 1% and 40. 1%). African American mothers compared to white mothers, white mothers were spanked their children less often than black mothers, they were more likely to display positive interaction with their children, they were less likely to have parent-teacher meeting about child behavior, and t hey were less likely to have BPI scores of 119.African American mothers compared to Hispanic mothers, Hispanic mothers were more likely to be married (75. 0% vs. 45. 5%), and they were less likely to spank their children (2. 7 times vs. 4. 0 times) (Slade and Wissow, 2003). Associations of spanking and behavior problems were positive and significant with children that required parent-teachers conferences (x2 = 9. 807, P = . 007) and with the children that have BPI scores of 119 (x2 = 8. 901, P = . 012). This association differs among the three races. The white families showed that there is an significant and positive correlation with behavior problems and spanking (x2 = 17. 68, P . 001), African American families being slightly positive and found not to be statistically significant (x2 . 666, P = . 717), Hispanic families was negative and found not to be statistically significant (x2 = . 010, P = . 995). These results show that African American children and Hispanic children were more likely to have behavioral problems when they were not spanked. White children who were spanked more frequently also displayed higher behavioral problems than those of Hispanic and African American children (Slade and Wissow, 2003). Chapter V Discussion / FindingsSeveral important factors emerged from this paper as well as the different studies conducted for research on this topic. Overall, most parents not only reported using spanking as a means of controlling their childs behavior but believes that spanking could pose no long term harm to their child as a result of spanking. In my study that I explored the association of spanking children to long term mental, physical, and sexual behaviors. I found that most of the respondents agree that they have spanked their children when warranted, they also believes that spanking their children was a way to control future behavioral problems.In the study conducted by Dr. Slade and Dr. Wissow, they explored the associations of spanking fre quency before age 2 with children jeopardize of developing behavioral problems. Among the children in their study, there were substantial predictors for the children developing behavioral problems especially at schools. They addressed several possibilities that may be associated with the differences among the racial groups. They believe that spanking is greatly accepted among the African American group which means that they view spanking as less harsh and fair.In White families, where spanking is not used too often, children before the age of 2 could lead to other developmental problem for the child and problems for the parents. African Americans children were found in all studies to pose a higher risk for behavioral problems. Limitations As stated before there were several limitations encountered while conducting research on this paper. The only limitations that I encountered with my study were how often a child should be spanked, what a child should be spanked with and the differ ence between a spanking and a beating.The way I was spanked as a child, I would never spank my children that way. My mother basically used anything close to her hands to hit or throw. I got spanked with extension cords, ling sticks, hands, pans, clothes, tree branches and shoes. These limitations did not have an impact on this paper and the research that was conducted. It gave me a better insight as to other people opinion and what others judgment about effective disciplinary actions that should be imposed on a child. The limitations of the study conducted by Dr. Slade and Dr.Wissow was the (1) not knowing the adults that spanked the child, (2) a magnitude of behavioral problems an spankings, (3) no available information on the forms of punishments used, (4) the overall samples used for research were limited and (5) 59% of the participants were excluded from the study. Conclusions The findings of this research are simple. Effective discipline works for different individual. If a child is spanked they will grow up no less rotten or worse than a child who was not. A child can be spanked for different reasons using different methods. Spanking of long term effects draws a line of spanking and beatings.For us that were spanked as a child, we felt that we grew up without any problems. Some people feel that spanking does physical, emotional, mental and sexual harm to the child that is being spanked. The way a child grows up and the life they lead is not determined by the numbers of spanking that child receives. There is no knowledge or proven fact that spanking harms or helps a child, there is only personal and expert opinion. Recommendations As I conducted research on this topic, I thought of several recommendations that could be done to curb not only public opinion but the right for parents to spank their children the way they see fit.The public opinion could be one of the harshest opinions that a parent has to encounter. There is a fine line between beating and spankings it is the public responsibility for self awareness. It is up to the public to research and acquire information about spankings before passing judgment. Parents need to know the potential associated risks for spanking children, as well as the upsides and downsides of spanking children. Parents need to also try other alternative methods before imposing a spanking on a child. References A Short History of Spanking. (2007). Retrieved June 15, 2007, from httpourworld. compuserve. om/homepages/moonglowDC/Letters/History. htm American Academy of Pediatrics. (1998). Guidance for Effective Discipline. Pediatrics, vol. 101. n4pp723-728. Bradley , RH, Corwyn RF, McAdoo, HP and Coll CG (2001). The home environment of children in the United States part 1 variation by age, ethnicity, and poverty status. Child Dev,721844-1867 Baumrind, D. (1996). A blanket injunction against disciplinary use of spanking is not warranted by the data. 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Pediatrics. Vol. 113. n5 Spanking Leads To Child Aggression And Anxiety, irrespective Of Cultural Norm (2005). Science Daily. Retrieved June 12,2 007, from http//www. sciencedaily. com/releases/2005/11/051114110820. htm Spare the Rod. New International Version Bible Retrieved June 13, 2007 from http//www. bible. comSpurgeon, D. (1999). Study leads to a call for an end to spanking. The Western Journal of Medicine. P381 Straus, M. (1996). Spanking and the making of a violent society. (The Short and long -Term Consequences of Corporal Punishment Proceeding of a conference, February 9 and 10, 1996 in Elk Grove Village, Illinois). electronic version Pediatrics, v98. n4pp837(6). Straus, M. (1998). The Behavorial Mearsurement Letter. behavioural Mearsurement Database Service, v5. n2pp3. To Spank or Not? Readers talk back. Many parents stand up to experts and support a smack on the bottom. (2007). Retrieved from http//www. msnbc. msn. om/id/17010115/print/1/displaymode/1098/ Walling, A. D. (2000). Discipling Children Without Spanking. American Family Physician. 62. 10 p2344. Wellbery C. (2005). Effects of spanking in early childhood . (Tips). electronic version. American Family Physician. 71. 6p1188. Appendix A Pagination Appendix B How to Thrive in Graduate School There are several things that could be done to thrive in graduate school. The first is dedication. If you are not dedicated to school, there is no chance that success will happen. The second are goals. In order to accomplish the task of completing graduate school, goals must be set and completed.Graduate school takes determination. If success is not determined by those that strive to succeed, there is no chance of completing graduate school. Time is another important factor in completing graduate school. A person must know how to manage their time for school and personal issues. In order to survive graduate school, a person must want it. Appendix C How to survive the Research Paper Experience Since I have survived several research paper experiences, this being the hardest, I believe that in order to survive this experience take a lot of time and disc ipline.I found it to be difficult with finding the best material for the paper. Some of the materials were 30 or more pages, which must be read through to get accurate information. Researched papers are small and defined with information that could possible have future use. There must be a dedication to ensure that the paper is completed and turned in on time and a second pair of eyes on the paper to ensure no mistakes are made. Surviving a research paper is somewhat frustrating especially if time does not permit but once the paper is completed there is a sense of fulfillment. 2 4 13